THE STRUGGLE OF THE MAIN CHARACTER TO OBTAIN FREEDOM IN COLSON WHITEHEAD’S THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

This research, is an analysis on the main character’s struggle to obtain her freedom based on The Underground Railroad , a novel by Colson Whitehead. The purpose of this research aims at the displaying modes of oppressions that the main character has to undergo as a dark-skinned slave secretly trying to find ways to escape. The data are analyzed with qualitative descriptive analysis method involving the intrinsic aspects and the theory of forms of oppression by Iris Young. In support of this study, library research technique is used for additional sources. The research results in the identification that the main character has to undergo fivefaces of oppression: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialsm, and violence. Eventually, it turns out that both internal and external factors have brought her a success in escaping from slavery and in winning her freedom.


BACKGROUND
It can be said that one of the most terrible system in the social life of society is slavery.This system is an act of treating other people as property assets that can be traded leading to the deprivation of their human rights.Human Rights are basic rights or citizenship inherent in the individual since he was born.This right cannot be confiscated and revoked and must be respected, upheld, and protected by the state, law, government and everyone (Hidayat, 2016: 80).Slavery is one of the most abominable acts committed by humans because someone is controlled by another person for his own sake without seeing the human aspects of the person who is enslaved.
One of the biggest slavery in history is the Atlantic slave trade.Atlantic slave trade took place along the Atlantic Ocean which lasted from the fifteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.About 9.5 million Africans have been brought into the 'new world' through the Atlantic slave trade (Bigsby & Thompson, 1998: 150).
Slavery occurred to fulfill the need for labor.Black people are exploited because they are considered to have a strong physical and body resistance to be employed and are also considered very effective and do not require high costs to support them.The large number of slave labor needs resulted in legalization in those days.As a result, the growth in the number of black populations in America has also increased.The black population census carried out in 1860, in the South American region, precisely in Georgia, reached 43.7% of the total population of its citizens (Kennedy, 1864: 71).
The South America holds a large portion of the economic sector produced by natural materials.Landowners in the South competed with one another to increase income, open new arable land, and increase labor.Slave ownership has become a system of competition, giving rise to the nature of individualism among fellow land holders.Black slaves are seen by white people as a 'chattel' which indicates that the more slaves owned, the more wealthy an employer (Estell, 1994: 2 in Rasiah, 2017: 5).
White individualism easily becomes an oppression for other blacks.The existence of slavery in a society that maintains its belief in equality is a contradiction, where employers ignore it (Coombs, 1972: 32).
Of course, as a human being whose life is oppressed and controlled by others, that kind of life is, without question, very miserable.The desire to live life to the fullest as it should encourage certain individual or individuals to fight for their freedom as well as to fight against injustice.Slaves in the South mostly fled to the North American region because that was the place where they could receive more humane treatment.Residents of the North called for slavery, which the South considered important to its economy, was a major cause of financial and industrial backwardness in the region (Hamby, 2005: 144).
The pro abolitionist law, which is contained in the 13th amendment in 1865, provides that there will be no slavery or voluntary servitude, except as criminal penalties that have been met in any place subject to its jurisdiction.The abolitionist movement that emerged in the early 1830s was aggressive, uncompromising, and insisted on ending slavery immediately (Hamby, 2005: 146).The activity carried out by this movement was to help escaped slaves to reach a safe haven in the North or to cross the border into Canada.This movement gave rise to a network known as Underground Railroad or "underground network".This network spread throughout the North with many complicated secret lines.
The flight of slaves to free territory is not as easy as imagined.Southern slaves were bound by the "Fugitive Slave Act" which was officially passed in 1850.The law was passed by the United States Congress as part of a compromise regarding slave ownership in the South and slave-free sections in the North.The law contains provisions regarding the arrest of wanted fleeing slaves must be returned to the owner (Hamby, 2005: 149).After the application of the law, the employers whose slaves fled usually would install and distribute announcements in the form of offers for anyone who succeeded in capturing their slaves.In addition, many employers are also willing to employ others to track the slave's departure.
ThroughThe Undergrund Railroad novel, readers can have an illustration about the lives of slaves and other information about the state of America at that time.Through this novel we can also know that the effects of slavery are terrible.The novel was published in 2016 by a black American novelist named Colson Whitehead.

Problem Identification and Limitation
The novelUnderground Railroad represents the life of the main character as a slave who wants social status as a free citizen.He wants his life to be free from torture and control of others.He also fought for his life so that it did not end in vain and wanted to have a better future.The problems discussed are limited by focusing on whatever forms of oppression experienced by the main character and the efforts made by the main character to achieve the status of citizenship, free and out of slavery.

Research Problem
1. What forms of oppression did the main character experience as a slave? 2. What were the resistance efforts made by the main character to obtain the status as a free citizen and free from slavery?

Research Purposes
This study aims to describe the forms of oppression experienced by the main character as a slave and explain the resistance efforts he made to obtain the status of a free citizen.

Research Methodology
This research is a qualitative research that will be analyzed by using descriptive analysis method.The technique used in the research is library research technique by using the novel The Undergorund Railroad as primary data and secondary data derived from theoretical books, journals, theses & other readings.

Literature Review
The present researchers use the theory of intrinsic elements of the study of literary works and an understanding of slavery, forms of oppression, and slave resistance as the extrinsic elements.

Intrinsic element
Nurgiyantoro (2015: 30) argues that intrinsic elements are the elements that make up the literary work itself.The present researchers will use intrinsic theories regarding to the theories of characters and characterizations, plot, setting, conflict, symbols and irony.The selection of these elements are considered relevantto the whole series of stories.

Character and Characterization
Characters in fiction stories can be divided into several types of reviews.Based on its important role, according to Nurgiyantoro (2015), is the main character and additional characters; based on its character according to Aminuddin ( 2002: 85;and Naji, 2003: 24) in Wicaksono (2017: 189-190) there are protagonist, antagonist, and tritagonist characters; based on its development according to Perrine (1988) are flat and round character; based on the dimensions of characters according to Harymawan (1998: 25) in Wicaksono et al (2018: 266), are portrayed into physiological, psychological and sociological aspects.
Nurgiyantoro (2015: 247) states that characterization is the presence of characters in fiction or drama in a direct or indirect way and invites the reader to interpret his qualities through his words and actions.The description can be seen in three methods, analytic, dramatic, and contextual.

Plot
Nurgiyantoro (2015: 166-167) argues that to be referred to as a plot, the relationship between the events narrated must have an effect, not merely in chronological order.The flow is divided into five parts, namely the stage of settlement, the stage of conflict arising, the stage of increasing conflict, the stage of climax, and the stage of resolution.Kenney (1966: 19) in Wicaksono (2017: 142-147), mentioned that there are four laws that are expected to exist in the flow.These elements include, plausibility, suspense, suprise, and unity.

Conflict
Wallek and Werren (2016: 262) suggest that conflict is something "dramatic" which refers to the struggle between two forces that are balanced, implying action and retaliation.Conflict as a form of event can be divided into two categories, namely physical conflict and inner conflict, external conflict and internal conflict (Stanton, 1965: 16 in Nurgiyantoro, 2015: 181).Perrine (1988: 42) divides conflict into three types, namely conflict between the main character with another person or other group (man against man); conflict between the main character with external forces -physically, socially or "destiny" (man against environment), and conflict between the main character with himself (man against himself).

Settings
The setting, which is also referred to as the foundation of a literary work, refers to the understanding of the place, the relationship of historical time, and the social environment in which the events are told (Abrams, 1999in Nurgiyantoro, 2015: 302).Nurgiyantoro (2015) divides the background into three main elements, namely place, time, and socio-cultural background.
There are also four elements that make up the background of a fiction.Sayuti (2000: 128) suggests four elements that make up the fictional setting, among others, geographical location, including topography, certain 'landscape' scenery, and other place details; work and way of life of daily figures; the time of occurrence of events including historical periods, seasons, years, etc .; the religious, moral, intellectual, social and emotional environment of the characters.

Symbol
Symbols appear in literary works both implicitly and explicitly.Symbols are objects that often appear in literature in various contexts and are used to convey messages.The good symbol is used as an object that refers to other objects, but also requires attention to itself as an embodiment (Wellek & Warren, 2016: 220).
Sobur in his book Semiotika Komunikasi (Semiotics Communication), argues that all symbols involve three elements: the symbol itself, one or more references and the relationship between symbols and references (Sobur, 2009: 156).This means that a symbol is an element that is used to replace something and is believed to have more meaning than its own form.

Irony
Events or situations that are contrary to what is expected are called irony.The world of fiction divides two types of irony, namely dramatic irony and tone irony (Stanton, 2012: 71).The dramatic irony or irony of the plot and situation usually arises through diametric contrasts between appearance and reality, between the intent and purpose of a character and the outcome, or between expectations and what actually happens.While the tone irony or verbal irony is an imbalance with what is said with what is meant.This irony expresses what expresses the opposite meaning.Perrine (1988: 177-178) states that there are three kinds of irony in the story, namely Verbal Irony, Dramatic Irony and Situational Irony.Basically the meaning of verbal irony is similar in meaning totone irony as described above.Dramatic Irony, according to Perrine, is the difference between what the character says and what the reader knows.Another additional irony is the irony of situation, which is an inverse comparison between what is shown and reality, or between expectations and fulfilling expectations.

The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade is one of the world's largest cruelty in history, both in terms of territory, time and actions.The pattern of trade across the Atlantic Ocean that led to the outbreak of the Civil War was known as Triangular Trade, because it involved the export of slaves from Africa to the 'new world' where they produced sugar, cotton and other commodities that were exported to Western Europe for consumption or as manufacturing materials, and then some were exported to Africa to pay for the slaves (Findlay, 1990: 2).
Colonialization in America is not a brief historical journey.The Europeans first came to the Americas to organize a new life, therefore this continent was called the New World.They tried to eradicate Native Americans, namely Indians, by means of military force, extermination, exclusion, and construction of the reservation area.After gaining territory, European colonies created a new order to advance the country's economy along with the Industrial Revolution by bringing slaves from Africa.
Slaves from Africa were brought in because they were thought to be able to reduce labor costs, more profitable than employing Indians or poor white people.In the 17th and 18th centuries, the majority of black slaves worked on tobacco, cotton, sugar cane in the South.Settlements in the South are rural such as Virginia, Maryland, Carolina and Georgia.
The basis of slavery in America is the economic system and mastery.Slaves worked nonstop to meet the needs of capital owners.Large-scale capital investment produced an abundance of production yields.In the 1800s, cotton production jumped to 16 million kilograms, the next twenty years increased by 56 million kilograms, and in 1840 the amount of cotton income reached 300 million kilograms.In 1850, eighty percent of the world's cotton needs were produced from the South American region (Hamby, 2005: 143).The data show that exploitation of black people has increased.The discovery of a cotton separator by Eli Whitney in 1793 made the role of blacks as managers of fields increasingly important, and the role of whites as owners of capital increasingly out of control.

Oppression
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, oppression is a situation in which a person is governed unfairly and in a cruel manner and is denied his opportunity and freedom.
Literally, the meaning of oppression is to burden with cruel coercion or with injustice or control; a person who is subject to the exercise of authority or power which is burdensome or violent.Through the above understanding, it can be concluded that oppression is an action to burden others who are carried out by those in power.
Iris Young (1988: 271) argues that the term oppression is traditionally a tyrannical exercise by the ruling group.Someone who has power will rule brutally and place himself and his group above the interests of people who are not his group.The oppressed people are categorized as weak and powerless in economic, civil, political, social and cultural aspects.People who experience oppression face obstacles to develop and practice their capacities, express their needs, thoughts and feelings (Young, 1988: 271).Young also divides the forms of oppression into five types, namely: (1) Exploitation, is the act of using human power to generate profits, without providing fair benefits.According toKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia(The Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language), exploitation is the use for its own benefit, exploitation, extortion of other people which is an act that is not commendable.Exploitation uses the system of capitalism to oppress the lower classes.Capitalism itself comes from the word capital which means capital and ism which means understanding.Capitalism according to Lorens Bagus (1996: 67), basically is an economic system that emphasizes the role of capital (capital) with all its types, including goods used in activities to produce other goods.
(2) Marginalization (marginalization) is a condition and process that prevents individuals or groups from full participation in social, economic and political life that is usually enjoyed by the wider community (Alakhunova, et al, 2010: 10).Marginalization is a process of neglecting the rights that should be obtained by parties in an unprofitable position.Marginalized groups usually lack even access to information and social knowledge apart from the groups themselves.
(3) Powerlessness according to Young (1988: 283) is to describe the lives of people who have little or no work autonomy, little creativity or judgment in their work, lack of technical expertise or authority, express themselves awkwardly especially in public or bureaucratic state and have no honor.
(4) Cultural Imperialism according to Hunter (2014: 199) involves the taking of culture from the ruling class and regards it as normal.The power of the ruling class controls how the community communicates.Someone who is different from the dominant group will be seen as inferior or abnormal.Inferior groups increasingly erode the original culture due to the formation of cultural structures by dominant classes.
(5) Violence (violence) is the clearest form of oppression, which is an activity detrimental to a party that suppresses the existence of pain in both physical and psychological forms.Robert Audi believes that violence is an attack or physical abuse of force against a person or animal; attack or destruction, violent, cruel and vicious destruction of property or something that could potentially be owned by someone.

Resistance to Slavery
The oppression that has occurred has caused resistance to fight for their human rights as human beings.The way of resistance of slavery groups at that time was carried out by means of war and rebellion.The other resistance revolts, namely individually, carried out by escaping to the North to get a life free of suffering.
Resistance does not only occur through black people who are enslaved.Resistance was also supported by abolitionist whites who struggled to equalize the abolition of slavery.Abolitionists built a secret network to help slaves escape.Politics in the North American region moved by voicing the anti-slavery movement in government by supporting the rights of fellow human beings.In addition they also helped spread anti-slavery writings to spread awareness of a cruel system that was considered a fairness.
Efforts to equalize color rights in America eventually led to a civil war.Abraham Lincoln was an important figure in the issue of slavery.Through his speech in 1854, he stated that all national legislation must be carried out within the framework of the principle that slavery must be limited and finally abolished (Hamby, 2005: 152).In 1861, Abraham Lincoln was appointed President of the United States.The South who did not accept tried to separate themselves.Eleven states in the South namely South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina opposed 23 countries in the North.The superiority of the North was undeniable, so that in the end the war resulted in a union victory, abolishing slavery, defeating the confederation, rebuilding the country and amending the state constitution.

Analysis
The Underground Railroad novel tells the story of a black girl named Cora who lived as a slave to the Randall family since she was born.Cora's mother was fourteen when she gave birth to her.Her mother ran away from the Randall estate, leaving Cora alone who at that time was about ten years old.As a slave in general, Cora suffered harsh treatment.She is often beaten for trivial reasons or even for the pleasure and satisfaction of her employer.Not only the mistreatment of her employer, but also among fellow slaves, they compete with each other and want to rule over other slaves.At one time, a male slave named Caesar, approached her and offered her the opportunity to jointly escape through the "underground network".Caesar invited her to go to the North for safer survival and of course for their freedom.
Driven by the desire to be free from the oppression she received, she was determined to flee to the North.Her escape moved from one city to another to protect herself.She met a variety of people in the areaalong her path.Until finally she had succeeded in heading towards the North region, an area where blacks were treated more fairly than other regions in South America.
The main character in the novel The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead is Cora.This can be seen by the intensity of Cora's presence in the story.In addition, Cora is a character who experiences events between other characters in the novel.The events experienced by Cora cause changes to herself and to her environment.
Physiologically, the main character has black skin.Cora is a woman who doesn't know how old she is, because she doesn't know the date and year of her own birth.Cora estimates that she is currently around sixteen or seventeen years old.Like slaves in general, Cora has the same physical characteristics as teenage slaves who are mostly thin.Every day they do heavy work in the fields.Their bodies become emaciated due to workload and very little food.Physical punishments inflicted on slaves injured their bodies.

Viewed
through the sociological dimension, it can be said that as a slave she has no social status.This is caused by her life which is entirely dependent on her employer.Clothing, food, health, rights, and even lives are fully owned by others.Cora's social status as a slave was obtained from her family's history.The language used by slaves is mixed language.Absorption languages from various tribes in Africa.The language is not standard and official, because it is far from standard English.The use of different languages between slaves gave rise to new languages that were increasingly eroding their real identities.In addition, through the language used by slaves also explained that their social status was so low in society.
Psychologically, the character Cora was a slave who maintained her behavior.Cora was very depressed living as a slave.Cora did not want to receive any cruel punishment from her employer, so as much as possible,she tried to behave.Slavery and oppression cause every slave to undergo a large aspect of retardation, trauma, and fear.Cora works as well as possible and avoids the problem as much as possible, because the fear that is raised by employers influences the psychological aspect of the character.
The main character has a dynamic and developing character.This can be seen from the change in attitude from the beginning to the end of the story.At the beginning of the story, the main character does not have the intention to run away for fear of the dangers that threatens her.But finally she ventured to go, after that she went to several cities, met with the crowd and experienced a change of attitude.
The setting of the period of slavery told in this novel is around the 1800s.This can be known from the massive Industrial Revolution in America after the invention of Cotton gin, the cotton separator machine that easily seperates cotton fibers from their seeds.South America, which incidentally depends on farm income is the place where the most labor is needed for slaves.The Industrial Revolution changed the system of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation and technology on a large scale.These conditions have a broad impact, including America.The Industrial Revolution changed social, economic and cultural conditions.Whites are in control, in terms of they are able to do anything as they wish despite opposition or disagreement.Basically, they used force to suppress the working class, black slaves, in this matter.
The forms of oppression experienced by the main character are divided into five types.The oppression in forms of exploitation can be seen in how hard the slaves work, but no reward or reciprocity commensurate with this effort.In the case of illness, Cora must continue to work so that she is not given any physical punishment by the foreman or her employer.In addition, the power Terrance had as a slave owner enabled him to do anything he could to get his way back, including hiring slave hunters.
The suppression of this form of marginalization occurs during the process of Cora's birththat was very difficult.The employers did not care about the condition of their slaves and finally called a doctor because Mabel's bleeding almost made her die.In addition, restrictions on access to knowledge of black slaves indicate other forms of marginalization oppression.Their rights and interests are marginalized, leaving them in a very limited situation.
The suppression form of cultural domination was found in the use of nonstandard language by slaves.They believe that they are naturally a lower class and taught to believe that such situation as normal.Their original culture, originating from Africa is getting rid of and replaced or forming a new culture where there is a mixture of cultures dominated by European culture or culture that originates from their employers.In addition, white people believe that black people come from sinful nations.They need guidance to get to know a god that whites believe.They impose and teach their beliefs to be applied to slaves whom they believe are people who are destined to be damned and need guidance.
The suppression of this form of helplessness occurs as a result of the oppression carried out by his own groups such as land grabbing conflicts that occurred between Cora and Ava and Blake, the transfer of Cora to Hob Kabin which had a bad image among slaves, oppressed by black foremen, suppression of covert forms of helplessness in the region of South Carolina.Cora did not realize her status as a slave because she was complacent by the comfort of the city.Having a decent place to live, being able to buy clothes, getting a health test at the city service, and also getting training education cradled Cora unconsciously.
The suppression of this form of violence occurred when Cora had to receive a whip on her back twice a day after defending other slave children, not to mention that the wound must also be doused with chili water to add to the pain it made her sick to a fever and unable to stand up.She was also hit on her back with a stick until it hurt and tore her eyeballs.Sexual violence was also received by Cora when she was fourteen years old, she was raped by another slave.Not only that, the main character also experienced verbal violence.Black race is considered a strange race, white people oppress based on races that are considered different from them.Other verbal suppression occurred when Cora was rumored as someone who could not hold back her lust and was told to commit indecent acts to animals.
The system of slavery gave rise to some opposition by enslaved people.But unfortunately the strength and ammunition that blacks have is far in comparison with the modernity of the tools possessed by white people.The whites were able to create heavy irons attached to the body of their slaves to prevent them from running away and running.Their hands, feet and even necks are linked to assert the dominance and ownership of human property.Attempts of rebellion had been carried out by black people before, but the black revolt was only in vain, strength was the reason.
Conflicts between blacks and whites are based on their social-community background.White people believe that their white race is the best.Conflict is not limited to whites and blacks or just slaves.Cora and other slaves also experienced conflicts between each other.The conflict that happened naturally between slaves was one of them to fight over a plot of land.The competition for land took place between Cora, Ava, Blake and other black foremen.Another conflict occurred between Cora and another slave named Chester, initially Cora wanted to protect him from the employer's beating, but the heroic actions carried out by Cora resulted in physical punishment received by both of them.Conflict also occurred between abolitionists slave owners.Secretly they built a network that served to channel slaves to the North.This activity was of course contrary to the law of slave ownership in the South.White people with their power, strictly prohibit the network from operating and punish anyone involved in it.
Cora experiences an inner conflict in herself.Even though she hated the actions of her mother, she could not forget her mother's memories.The inner conflict experienced by Cora increasingly motivated her.The desire to escape slavery, as her mother did was very high.This proves that the inner conflict she experienced affected the attitude she took.
The efforts made by Cora to be free from slavery were to escape with Caesar when the crescent moon appear before the full moon night was perfect.They fled through the dark swamps of the night.In the middle of the trip,she bumped into white wild boar hunters.Cora put up a fight to defend herself from being captured by the hunters by hitting the head of the person who was holding her.Another attempt by Cora was to disguise the identity of being Bessie Carpenter in South Carolina.She also hid on the roof of an abolitionist's house in North Carolina to cover her tracks as a fugitive slave.The other effort she did was to look for underground network train officers who helped her continue her journey to the North.Whenshe was caught by a slave hunter named Ridgeway and on her way back to Georgia,she also made an escape fight but always failed.At Valentine's plantation, Ridgeway asked Cora to show him where the subway network was operating.Her efforts to cover up the network's secrecy were physical resistance to Ridgeway.
The symbol in this story is manifested in the requirement for things that occur in her life.Like a symbol of a patch of land that was maintained by Cora is a representation of her family's life.The land means loss, trauma, separation that binds her family.The Hob Cabin is a symbol of Cora's steps to more easily achieve her freedom.Being ostracized from her environment made Cora far from the other slaves, making it easier to get away from Randall's plantation life.The Hob cabin also gave Cora the courage to rebel.In addition, there is a symbol of the park that she always saw from the roof booth in North Carolina.The park represents the freedom that Cora hopes for, where everyone can get together without regarding to the background of other people's lives.
At first, the arrival of Europeans to America was to seek safety from legal conflicts in their home countries.This is an irony, where the nations ultimately have to enslave other nations.Another irony occurs with the hatred that Cora feels for her mother is an irony in the story.The dramatic irony unknown to Cora was that she thought her mother had managed to escape living a happy life as a free person, regardless of herself.However, what actually happened was that her mother really couldn't bear to leave her child on the run.Half the night of the trip she had taken was used to return to bring her child with her.Fate said differently, on her way back to picked up her daughter, she had to stop because she was bitten by a snake in a swamp.

Conclusion
Based on the discussion conducted through a study of the main characters in the novel The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead, the present researchers obtained the finding that Cora, the main character,is a black slave who wanted freedom.The amount of conflict experienced is the main character's determination to gain complete freedom to escape the bondage of slavery.She experienced all three types of conflict; man against man, man against environment, and man against himself.
The main character's conflict with others occurred between her and her employer, slave hunters, and also the black plantation foremen.The conflict between Cora and the environment was related to all regions in Southern America including Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee which legalized slavery and Randall's plantation environment, when it was in conflict with other slaves.The isolation received by the main character to move into Hob's cabin shows the oppression she experienced from her environment.In addition, the main character's conflict with herself is related to a grudge against her mother who was able to escape and leave her at the plantation.
The main character experiences five forms of oppression according to Iris Young.Oppression of exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural domination and violence.The main character's efforts were to flee through the "underground network", disguise her identity, hide on the roof of an abolitionist, put up physical resistance when she met white people who tried to arrest her, and fled from one city to another to seek protection.In the efforts to free herself from the bondage of slavery, the main character is supported by internal and external factors.
Internal factors that influence her success are her fighting spirit to get a more decent life.She does not want to be tortured forever for mistakes she did not do, and also lives in distress alone.Her imagination to live a life as a free citizen who is able to get everything such as education, access to health, equality and many other also strengthen her determination to escape.Whereas, external factors that influence her success are the existence of assistance from the officers of the "underground network", and also Caesar as the one planning the escape at the beginning.The clerk helped her to arrange the departure schedule to other places, helped her to hide her identity, and also helped her to provide food, clothing and shelter.